COVID-19 vaccines

All COVID-19 vaccines listed by WHO as for emergency use or prequalified provide protection against severe disease and death resulting from COVID-19 disease.

Currently, there are two types of COVID-19 vaccines that are being manufactured:

• protein-based vaccines: these contain harmless fragments of proteins or protein shells that mimic the COVID-19 virus to safely generate an immune response; and
• mRNA vaccines: these are genetically engineered RNA which create proteins that safely activate an immune response. 

In March 2026, the WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) updated its recommendations on COVID-19 vaccination: 

1. Countries should consider routine COVID-19 vaccination for those groups at highest risk of severe COVID-19 disease:  

• oldest adults (age cut-off should be determined by countries – often it is 75 or 80 years); 
• older adults (age cut-off should be determined by countries – often it is 50 or 60 years) with significant comorbidities or severe obesity; 
• residents in care and long-term care facilities; and 
• individuals aged ≥ 6 months who are moderately or severely immunocompromised. 

For these groups, whether unvaccinated or previously vaccinated > 6 months earlier, WHO recommends at least one dose per year, preferably two doses administered six months apart, due to the waning of protection against severe COVID-19 disease by six months after the last dose.

2. Countries may consider routine COVID-19 vaccination of additional groups:

• older adults without significant comorbidities or severe obesity;
• adults (not included in the older adult category), adolescents, and children with significant comorbidities or severe obesity; and 
• health workers and other care providers who have direct contact with persons at high risk of severe COVID-19.

For these groups, whether unvaccinated or previously vaccinated > 6 months earlier, WHO recommends at least one dose per year. 

3. For pregnant women, whether unvaccinated or previously vaccinated > 6 months earlier, one COVID-19 vaccine dose during each pregnancy, at any stage, though ideally during the second trimester. The aim is to optimize protection against severe COVID-19 for the pregnant person, prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes, and protect the infant during the first months of life through maternal antibody transfer. 

4. Previously unvaccinated healthy children aged 6–23 months only if significant burden is documented in this age group; revaccination is not routinely recommended. 

There are very few conditions that would exclude someone from being vaccinated. You should NOT be vaccinated if:

• you have a history of severe allergic reactions/anaphylaxis to any of the ingredients in the COVID-19 vaccines; or
• you have a fever over 38.5 ºC on the day of your vaccine appointment. Postpone until you have recovered.

COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people taking blood thinners. However, prior to being vaccinated, inform the health staff administering the vaccine of any medication that you are taking.

Protection against severe disease and death is highest in the first few months after vaccination and then starts to decrease. Routine periodic COVID-19 vaccination helps sustain this protection, as immunity declines relatively quickly within six months after vaccination or infection.

Yes. While COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against serious disease and death, no vaccine is 100% effective.  

Vaccinated people can get infected with SARS-CoV-2 and may fall ill with COVID-19. This is known as a ‘breakthrough infection’ or ‘breakthrough case’. Breakthrough infections can happen with any vaccine and do not mean that the vaccine does not work.

People who get COVID-19 after being vaccinated are much more likely to only experience mild symptoms as effectiveness against serious illness and death remains high. Vaccine effectiveness wanes over time, so it’s important to stay updated with your shots as recommended by your health-care provider. 

While anyone can be infected with SARS-CoV-2, healthy children and adolescents are not at higher risk of severe outcomes. Vaccinating them post-pandemic has limited public health impact. However, countries may consider routine COVID-19 vaccination of previously unvaccinated children aged 6-23 months only if documented significant burden in this age group. Revaccination is not routinely recommended for healthy children and adolescents.

Children and adolescents at higher risk of severe COVID-19 are those who are immunocompromised and countries should consider their routine COVID-19 vaccination from 6 months of age, regardless of whether previously unvaccinatied or vaccinated (last dose > 6 months ago) with at least one dose per year, preferably two about 6 months apart. Either an mRNA variant-adapted (for those 6 months of age and older) or protein subunit variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccine (for those 12 years of age and older) can be used in children and adolescents who do not have contraindications to the vaccine. COVID-19 vaccines may be given concurrently, or at any time before or after other vaccines.

Yes, all WHO emergency-use listed or prequalified COVID-19 vaccines provide protection against severe disease and death from circulating COVID-19 variants. Any of the approved COVID-19 vaccines can be used either for the initial vaccination or revaccination.  

Vaccination should not be delayed in anticipation of newer versions of the COVID-19 vaccine adapted to the latest SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating. For people at a high risk of getting severe COVID-19, a dose of any available vaccine is more beneficial than delaying vaccination. 

WHO recommends that individuals who previously had COVID-19 (more than 6 months ago) should still be vaccinated following the national programme recommendations

Vaccination is recommended for those at highest risk of severe disease such as older persons, adults with chronic diseases, individuals with immunocompromising conditions and health workers with direct patient contact. Pregnant persons should get one dose.  

Hybrid immunity – the immunity one receives from both vaccination and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection – enhances protection against the severe outcomes of future SARS-CoV-2infections and offers longer protection than infection alone. 

It is safe for you to receive a COVID-19 vaccine different from the one used for the previous dose(s).

If you’re offered a different type of vaccine, you can go ahead and get vaccinated. Depending on the type of vaccine, using a different type of vaccine may provide better protection than using the same type of vaccine.

Like with any vaccine, some people will experience mild to moderate side effects after being vaccinated against COVID-19. This is a normal sign that the body is developing protection.

Side effects of COVID-19 vaccines include fever, tiredness, headache, muscle ache, chills, diarrhoea and pain or redness at the injection site.

Not everyone will experience side effects. Most side effects go away within a few days on their own. You can manage any side effects with rest, plenty of non-alcoholic liquids and taking medication to manage pain and fever, if needed.

More serious or long-lasting side effects of COVID-19 vaccines are possible but extremely rare. National health authorities monitor vaccines to detect and respond to rare adverse events. At the regional and global level, WHO also supports countries in monitoring vaccine safety.

WHO’s Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) monitors how approved vaccines behave in the real world to identify any signals of adverse events following immunization. GACVS is an independent group of experts providing authoritative, scientific advice to WHO on vaccine safety issues of global or regional concern. 

Unprecedented scientific collaborations allowed COVID-19 vaccine research, development, and authorizations to be completed in record time – to meet the urgent need for these vaccines during the acute phase of the pandemic – while maintaining high safety standards. 

Vaccines must be proven safe and effective in large Phase III clinical trials to prove that they meet internationallyagreed benchmarks for safety and efficacy before they are introduced in national immunization programmes. 

Independent reviews of the efficacy and safety evidence are required by WHO for each vaccine candidate, including regulatory review and approval in the country where the vaccine is manufactured, before WHO considers it approved for emergency use listing or prequalification. 

Billions of people have received the COVID-19 vaccine to date, showing that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccinations outweigh the risks of getting ill with COVID-19. 

Yes, WHO recommends a single dose of the COVID-19 vaccine during each pregnancy. Pregnant persons are at a higher risk from COVID-19, which can affect both them and the baby.

Vaccination during pregnancy is safe. It also benefits the baby, as it allows the antibodies created to be passed from mother to child. These antibodies can also help protect the baby for the first few months of life.

The COVID-19 vaccine can be safely given at any time during pregnancy to avoid missing opportunities. Vaccination in the mid-second trimester maximizes protection. Additionally, COVID-19 vaccines can be safely administered with other vaccines recommended during pregnancy (for example, seasonal influenza and maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine). 

Yes, you can get vaccinated if you are planning to get pregnant.

There is no evidence that suggests the COVID-19 vaccines interfere with fertility. There is currently no biological evidence that antibodies from COVID-19 vaccination or vaccine ingredients could cause any problems with reproductive organs.

f you are breastfeeding, you can get vaccinated against COVID-19 according to your national recommendations.

None of the current COVID-19 vaccines have live virus in them. This means there is no risk of you passing COVID-19 to your baby through your breastmilk. In fact, the antibodies you get after vaccination may go through your breast milk and help to protect your baby.